Buying a Used
Car
Source FTC / Federal Trade
Commission
Regarding purchase of a used car - March 2002
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/autos/usedcar.htm
(Cached 8/14/03)
Buying a Used
Car
Before you start
shopping for a car, you'll need to do some homework. Spending time now may save
you serious money later. Think about your driving habits, your needs, and your
budget. You can learn about car models, options, and prices by reading newspaper
ads, both display and classified. There is a wealth of information about used
cars on the Internet: enter "used car" as the key words and you'll
find additional information on how to buy a used car, detailed instructions for
conducting a pre-purchase inspection, and ads for cars available for sale, among
other information. Libraries and book stores also have publications that compare
car models, options, and costs, and offer information about frequency-of-repair
records, safety tests, and mileage. Many of these publications have details on
the do's and don'ts of buying a used car.
Once you've narrowed your car choices,
research the frequency of repair and maintenance costs on the models in
auto-related consumer magazines. The U.S. Department of Transportation's Auto
Safety Hotline (1-800-424-9393) gives information on recalls.
PAYMENT OPTIONS
You have two choices: pay in full or finance
over time. If you finance, the total cost of the car increases. That's because
you're also paying for the cost of credit, which includes interest and other
loan costs. You'll also have to consider how much you can put down, your monthly
payment, the length of the loan, and the annual percentage rate (APR). Keep in
mind that annual percentage rates usually are higher and loan periods generally
are shorter on used cars than on new ones.
Dealers and lenders offer a variety of loan
terms and payment schedules. Shop around, compare offers, and negotiate the best
deal you can. Be cautious about advertisements offering financing to first-time
buyers or people with bad credit. These offers often require a big down payment
and a high APR. If you agree to financing that carries a high APR, you may be
taking a big risk. If you decide to sell the car before the loan expires, the
amount you receive from the sale may be far less than the amount you need to pay
off the loan. If the car is repossessed or declared a total loss because of an
accident, you may be obligated to pay a considerable amount to repay the loan
even after the proceeds from the sale of the car or the insurance payment have
been deducted. If your budget is tight, you may want to consider paying cash for
a less expensive car than you first had in mind.
If you decide to finance, make sure you
understand the following aspects of the loan agreement before you sign any
documents:
-
the exact price you're paying for the
vehicle;
-
the amount you're financing;
-
the finance charge (the dollar amount the
credit will cost you);
-
the APR (a measure of the cost of credit,
expressed as a yearly rate);
-
the number and amount of payments; and
-
the total sales price (the sum of the
monthly payments plus the down payment).
DEALER SALES
Used cars are sold through a variety of
outlets: franchise and independent dealers, rental car companies, leasing
companies, and used car superstores. You can even buy a used car on the
Internet. Ask friends, relatives and co-workers for recommendations. You may
want to call your local consumer protection agency, state Attorney General (AG),
and the Better Business Bureau (BBB) to find out if any unresolved complaints
are on file about a particular dealer.
Some dealers are attracting customers with
"no-haggle prices," "factory certified" used cars, and
better warranties. Consider the dealer's reputation when you evaluate these ads.
Dealers are not required by law to give used
car buyers a three-day right to cancel. The right to return the car in a few
days for a refund exists only if the dealer grants this privilege to buyers.
Dealers may describe the right to cancel as a "cooling-off" period, a
money-back guarantee, or a "no questions asked" return policy. Before
you purchase from a dealer, ask about the dealer's return policy, get it in
writing and read it carefully.
The Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) Used Car
Rule requires dealers to post a Buyers Guide in every used car they offer for
sale. This includes light-duty vans, light-duty trucks, demonstrators, and
program cars. Demonstrators are new cars that have not been owned, leased, or
used as rentals, but have been driven by dealer staff. Program cars are
low-mileage, current-model-year vehicles returned from short-term leases or
rentals. Buyers Guides do not have to be posted on motorcycles and most
recreational vehicles. Anyone who sells less than six cars a year doesn't have
to post a Buyers Guide.
The Buyers Guide must tell you:
-
whether the vehicle is being sold
"as is" or with a warranty;
-
what percentage of the repair costs a
dealer will pay under the warranty;
-
that spoken promises are difficult to
enforce;
-
to get all promises in writing;
-
to keep the Buyers Guide for reference
after the sale;
-
the major mechanical and electrical
systems on the car, including some of the major problems you should look out
for; and
-
to ask to have the car inspected by an
independent mechanic before you buy.
When you buy a used car from a dealer, get
the original Buyers Guide that was posted in the vehicle, or a copy. The Guide
must reflect any negotiated changes in warranty coverage. It also becomes part
of your sales contract and overrides any contrary provisions. For example, if
the Buyers Guide says the car comes with a warranty and the contract says the
car is sold "as is," the dealer must give you the warranty described
in the Guide.
As Is - No Warranty
When the dealer offers a vehicle "as
is," the box next to the "As Is - No Warranty" disclosure on the
Buyers Guide must be checked. If the box is checked but the dealer promises to
repair the vehicle or cancel the sale if you're not satisfied, make sure the
promise is written on the Buyers Guide. Otherwise, you may have a hard time
getting the dealer to make good on his word. Some states, including Connecticut,
Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New
York, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia and the District of Columbia, don't
allow "as is" sales for many used vehicles.
Three states - Louisiana, New Hampshire, and
Washington - require different disclosures than those on the Buyers Guide. If
the dealer fails to provide proper state disclosures, the sale is not "as
is." To find out what disclosures are required for "as is" sales
in your state, contact your state Attorney General.
Implied Warranties
State laws hold dealers responsible if cars
they sell don't meet reasonable quality standards. These obligations are called
implied warranties - unspoken, unwritten promises from the seller to the buyer.
However, dealers in most states can use the words "as is" or
"with all faults" in a written notice to buyers to eliminate implied
warranties. There is no specified time period for implied warranties.
Warranty of Merchantability
The most common type of implied warranty is
the warranty of merchantability: The seller promises that the product offered
for sale will do what it's supposed to. That a car will run is an example of a
warranty of merchantability. This promise applies to the basic functions of a
car. It does not cover everything that could go wrong.
Breakdowns and other problems after the sale
don't prove the seller breached the warranty of merchantability. A breach occurs
only if the buyer can prove that a defect existed at the time of sale. A problem
that occurs after the sale may be the result of a defect that existed at the
time of sale or not. As a result, a dealer's liability is judged case-by-case.
Warranty of Fitness for a Particular
Purpose
A warranty of fitness for a particular
purpose applies when you buy a vehicle based on the dealer's advice that it is
suitable for a particular use. For example, a dealer who suggests you buy a
specific vehicle for hauling a trailer in effect is promising that the vehicle
will be suitable for that purpose.
If you have a written warranty that doesn't
cover your problems, you still may have coverage through implied warranties.
That's because when a dealer sells a vehicle with a written warranty or service
contract, implied warranties are included automatically. The dealer can't delete
this protection. Any limit on an implied warranty's time must be included on the
written warranty.
In states that don't allow "as is"
sales, an "Implied Warranties Only" disclosure is printed on the
Buyers Guide in place of the "As Is" disclosure. The box beside this
disclosure will be checked if the dealer decides to sell the car with no written
warranty.
In states that do allow "as is"
sales, the "Implied Warranties Only" disclosure should appear on the
Buyers Guide if the dealer decides to sell a vehicle with implied warranties and
no written warranty. A copy of the Buyers Guide with the "Implied
Warranties Only" disclosure is on page 13.
Dealers who offer a written warranty must
complete the warranty section of the Buyers Guide. Because terms and conditions
vary, it may be useful to compare and negotiate coverage.
Dealers may offer a full or limited warranty
on all or some of a vehicle's systems or components. Most used car warranties
are limited and their coverage varies. A full warranty includes the following
terms and conditions:
-
Anyone who owns the vehicle during the
warranty period is entitled to warranty service.
-
Warranty service will be provided free of
charge, including such costs as removing and reinstalling a covered system.
-
You have the choice of a replacement or a
full refund if, after a reasonable number of tries, the dealer cannot repair
the vehicle or a covered system.
-
You only have to tell the dealer that
warranty service is needed in order to get it, unless the dealer can prove
that it is reasonable to require you to do more.
-
Implied warranties have no time limits.
If any of these statements don't apply, the
warranty is limited.
A full or limited warranty doesn't have to
cover the entire vehicle. The dealer may specify that only certain systems are
covered. Some parts or systems may be covered by a full warranty; others by a
limited warranty.
The dealer must check the appropriate box on
the Buyers Guide to indicate whether the warranty is full or limited and the
dealer must include the following information in the "Warranty"
section:
-
the percentage of the repair cost that
the dealer will pay. For example, "the dealer will pay 100 percent of
the labor and 100 percent of the parts . . .";
-
the specific parts and systems - such as
the frame, body, or brake system - that are covered by the warranty. The
back of the Buyers Guide lists the major systems where problems may occur;
-
the warranty term for each covered
system. For example, "30 days or 1,000 miles, whichever comes
first"; and
-
whether there's a deductible and, if so,
how much.
You have the right to see a copy of the
dealer's warranty before you buy. Review it carefully to determine what is
covered. The warranty gives detailed information, such as how to get repairs for
a covered system or part. It also tells who is legally responsible for
fulfilling the terms of the warranty. If it's a third party, investigate their
reputation and whether they're insured. Find out the name of the insurer, and
call to verify the information. Then check out the third-party company with your
local Better Business Bureau. That's not foolproof, but it is prudent. Make sure
you receive a copy of the dealer's warranty document if you buy a car that is
offered with a warranty.
Unexpired Manufacturer's Warranties
If the manufacturer's warranty still is in
effect, the dealer may include it in the "systems covered/duration"
section of the Buyers Guide. To make sure you can take advantage of the
coverage, ask the dealer for the car's warranty documents. Verify the
information (what's covered, expiration date/miles, necessary paperwork) by
calling the manufacturer's zone office. Make sure you have the Vehicle
Identification Number (VIN) when you call.
Service Contracts
Like a warranty, a service contract provides
repair and/or maintenance for a specific period. But warranties are included in
the price of a product, while service contracts cost extra and are sold
separately. To decide if you need a service contract, consider whether:
-
the service contract duplicates warranty
coverage or offers protection that begins after the warranty runs out. Does
the service contract extend beyond the time you expect to own the car? If
so, is the service contract transferable or is a shorter contract available?
-
the vehicle is likely to need repairs and
their potential costs. You can determine the value of a service contract by
figuring whether the cost of repairs is likely to exceed the price of the
contract.
-
the service contract covers all parts and
systems. Check out all claims carefully. For example, "bumper to
bumper" coverage may not mean what you think.
-
a deductible is required and, if so, the
amount and terms.
-
the contract covers incidental expenses,
such as towing and rental car charges while your car is being serviced.
-
repairs and routine maintenance, such as
oil changes, have to be done at the dealer.
-
there's a cancellation and refund policy
for the service contract and, whether there are cancellation fees.
-
the dealer or company offering the
service contract is reputable. Read the contract carefully to determine who
is legally responsible for fulfilling the terms of the contract. Some
dealers sell third-party service contracts.
The dealer must check the appropriate box on
the Buyers Guide if a service contract is offered, except in states where
service contracts are regulated by insurance laws. If the Guide doesn't include
a service contract reference and you're interested in buying one, ask the
salesperson for more information.
If you buy a service contract from the dealer
within 90 days of buying a used vehicle, federal law prohibits the dealer from
eliminating implied warranties on the systems covered in the contract. For
example, if you buy a car "as is," the car normally is not covered by
implied warranties. But if you buy a service contract covering the engine, you
automatically get implied warranties on the engine. These may give you
protection beyond the scope of the service contract. Make sure you get written
confirmation that your service contract is in effect.
Spoken Promises
The Buyers Guide cautions you not to rely on
spoken promises. They are difficult to enforce because there may not be any way
for a court to determine with any confidence what was said. Get all promises
written into the Guide.
Pre-Purchase Independent Inspection
It's best to have any used car inspected by
an independent mechanic before you buy it. For about $100 or less, you'll get a
general indication of the mechanical condition of the vehicle. An inspection is
a good idea even if the car has been "certified" and inspected by the
dealer and is being sold with a warranty or service contract. A mechanical
inspection is different from a safety inspection. Safety inspections usually
focus on conditions that make a car unsafe to drive. They are not designed to
determine the overall reliability or mechanical condition of a vehicle.
To find a pre-purchase inspection facility,
check your Yellow Pages under "Automotive Diagnostic Service" or ask
friends, relatives, and co-workers for referrals. Look for facilities that
display certifications like an Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) seal.
Certification indicates that some or all of the technicians meet basic standards
of knowledge and competence in specific technical areas. Make sure the
certifications are current, but remember that certification alone is no
guarantee of good or honest work. Also ask to see current licenses if state or
local law requires such facilities to be licensed or registered. Check with your
state Attorney General's office or local consumer protection agency to find out
whether there's a record of complaints about particular facilities.
There are no standard operating procedures
for pre-purchase inspections. Ask what the inspection includes, how long it
takes, and how much it costs. Get this information in writing.
If the dealer won't let you take the car off
the lot, perhaps because of insurance restrictions, you may be able to find a
mobile inspection service that will go to the dealer. If that's not an option,
ask the dealer to have the car inspected at a facility you designate. You will
have to pay the inspection fee.
Once the vehicle has been inspected, ask the
mechanic for a written report with a cost estimate for all necessary repairs. Be
sure the report includes the vehicle's make, model, and VIN. Make sure you
understand every item. If you decide to make a purchase offer to the dealer
after considering the inspection's results, you can use the estimated repair
costs to negotiate the price of the vehicle.
Vehicle Systems
The Buyers Guide lists an auto's 14 major
systems and some serious problems that may occur in each. This list may help you
and your mechanic evaluate the mechanical condition of the vehicle. The list
also may help you compare warranties offered on different cars or by different
dealers.
Dealer Identification and Consumer
Complaint Information
The back of the Buyers Guide lists the name
and address of the dealership. It also gives the name and telephone number of
the person you should contact at the dealership if you have problems or
complaints after the sale.
Optional Signature Line
The dealer may include a buyer's signature
line at the bottom of the Buyers Guide. If the line is included, the following
statement must be written or printed close to it: "I hereby acknowledge
receipt of the Buyers Guide at the closing of this sale." Your signature
means you received the Buyers Guide at closing. It does not mean that the dealer
complied with the Rule's other requirements, such as posting a Buyers Guide in
all the vehicles offered for sale.
Spanish Language Sales
If you buy a used car and the sales
discussion is conducted in Spanish, you are entitled to see and keep a
Spanish-language version of the Buyers Guide.
PRIVATE SALES
An alternative to buying from a dealer is
buying from an individual. You may see ads in newspapers, on bulletin boards, or
on a car. Buying a car from a private party is very different from buying a car
from a dealer.
-
Private sellers generally are not covered
by the Used Car Rule and don't have to use the Buyers Guide. However, you
can use the Guide's list of an auto's major systems as a shopping tool. You
also can ask the seller if you can have the vehicle inspected by your
mechanic.
-
Private sales usually are not covered by
the "implied warranties" of state law. That means a private sale
probably will be on an "as is" basis, unless your purchase
agreement with the seller specifically states otherwise. If you have a
written contract, the seller must live up to the promises stated in the
contract. The car also may be covered by a manufacturer's warranty or a
separately purchased service contract. However, warranties and service
contracts may not be transferable, and other limits or costs may apply.
Before you buy the car, ask to review its warranty or service contract.
-
Many states do not require individuals to
ensure that their vehicles will pass state inspection or carry a minimum
warranty before they offer them for sale. Ask your state Attorney General's
office or local consumer protection agency about the requirements in your
state.
BEFORE YOU BUY A USED CAR
Whether you buy a used car from a dealer, a
co-worker, or a neighbor, follow these tips to learn as much as you can about
the car:
-
Examine the car yourself using an
inspection checklist. You can find a checklist in many of the magazine
articles, books and Internet sites that deal with buying a used car.
-
Test drive the car under varied road
conditions - on hills, highways, and in stop-and-go traffic.
-
Ask for the car's maintenance record. If
the owner doesn't have copies, contact the dealership or repair shop where
most of the work was done. They may share their files with you.
-
Talk to the previous owner, especially if
the present owner is unfamiliar with the car's history.
-
Have the car inspected by a mechanic you
hire.
IF YOU HAVE PROBLEMS
If you have a problem that you think is
covered by a warranty or service contract, follow the instructions to get
service. If a dispute arises, there are several steps you can take:
-
Try to work it out with the dealer. Talk
with the salesperson or, if necessary, the owner of the dealership. Many
problems can be resolved at this level. However, if you believe you're
entitled to service, but the dealer disagrees, you can take other steps.
-
If your warranty is backed by a car
manufacturer, contact the local representative of the manufacturer. The
local or zone representative is authorized to adjust and decide about
warranty service and repairs to satisfy customers. Some manufacturers also
are willing to repair certain problems in specific models for free, even if
the manufacturer's warranty does not cover the problem. Ask the
manufacturer's zone representative or the service department of a franchised
dealership that sells your car model whether there is such a policy.
-
Contact your local Better Business
Bureau, state Attorney General, or the Department of Motor Vehicles. You
also might consider using a dispute resolution organization to arbitrate
your disagreement if you and the dealer are willing. Under the terms of many
warranties, this may be a required first step before you can sue the dealer
or manufacturer. Check your warranty to see if this is the case. If you
bought your car from a franchised dealer, you may be able to seek mediation
through the Automotive Consumer Action Program (AUTOCAP), a dispute
resolution program coordinated nationally by the National Automobile Dealers
Association and sponsored through state and local dealer associations in
many cities. Check with the dealer association in your area to see if they
operate a mediation program.
-
If none of these steps is successful,
small claims court is an option. Here, you can resolve disputes involving
small amounts of money, often without an attorney. The clerk of your local
small claims court can tell you how to file a suit and what the dollar limit
is in your state.
-
The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act also may
be helpful. Under this federal law, you can sue based on breach of express
warranties, implied warranties, or a service contract. If successful,
consumers can recover reasonable attorneys' fees and other court costs. A
lawyer can advise you if this law applies.
Source: FTC / Federal Trade Commission
Regarding purchase of a used car - March 2002
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/autos/usedcar.htm
(Cached 8/14/03)
|